I-China Ingenise Umbiko Wemboni Yekhofi

Ikhofi lihlukaniswe ikakhulukazi izigaba ezimbili ngokuya ngamafomu okusetshenziswa: ikhofi elisheshayo kanye nekhofi elisanda kukhiqizwa. Njengamanje, ikhofi elisheshayo nekhofi elisanda kugaywa lihlanganisa cishe u-60% wemakethe yekhofi yaseShayina, kanti ikhofi elisanda kukhiqizwa lithatha cishe u-40%. Ngenxa yokungena kwesiko lekhofi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinga lemali engenayo yabantu, abantu baphishekela impilo yekhwalithi ephezulu futhi banaka kakhulu izinga nokunambitheka kwekhofi. Izinga lemakethe yekhofi esanda kukhiqizwa likhula ngokushesha, okukhuthaze ukudliwa kwamabhontshisi wekhofi wekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nesidingo sokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe.
1. Ukukhiqizwa kukabhontshisi wekhofi emhlabeni wonke
Eminyakeni yamuva, ukukhiqizwa kukabhontshisi wekhofi emhlabeni wonke kuye kwaqhubeka nokukhuphuka. Ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (i-FAO), ukukhiqizwa kukabhontshisi wekhofi emhlabeni wonke kuzofinyelela kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-10.891 ngo-2022, okuwukukhula konyaka nonyaka ngama-2.7%. Ngokusho kwe-World Coffee Organisation ICO, ukukhiqizwa kwekhofi emhlabeni wonke ngesizini ka-2022-2023 kuzokhuphuka ngo-0.1% unyaka nonyaka kuya ezikhwameni eziyizigidi eziyi-168, okulingana namathani ayizigidi eziyi-10.092; kubikezelwa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwekhofi okuphelele ngesizini ka-2023-2024 kuzokwenyuka ngo-5.8% kuya ku-178 million izikhwama, okulingana namathani ayizigidi ezingu-10.68.
Ikhofi isitshalo esishisayo, futhi indawo yalo yokutshala emhlabeni wonke isatshalaliswa kakhulu eLatin America, e-Afrika naseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia. Ngokwezibalo zeNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, indawo ephelele yokulinywa kwekhofi emhlabeni ngo-2022 ingamahektha ayizigidi eziyi-12.239, ukwehla konyaka nonyaka ngo-3.2%. Izinhlobo zekhofi zomhlaba wonke zingahlukaniswa ngokwezitshalo zibe ikhofi i-Arabica nekhofi i-Robusta. Izinhlobo ezimbili zikabhontshisi wekhofi zinezici ezihlukile zokunambitheka futhi zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlukene. Mayelana nokukhiqizwa, ngo-2022-2023, ukukhiqizwa kwekhofi ye-Arabica emhlabeni wonke kuzoba izikhwama eziyizigidi ezingu-9.4 (cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-5.64), ukukhuphuka konyaka ngo-1.8%, okubalelwa ku-56% wengqikithi yokukhiqizwa kwekhofi; isamba sokukhiqizwa kwekhofi i-Robusta kuzoba izikhwama eziyizigidi ezingu-7.42 (cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-4.45), ukwehla konyaka nonyaka ngo-2%, okubalelwa ku-44% wengqikithi yokukhiqizwa kwekhofi.
Ngo-2022, kuzoba namazwe ayi-16 akhiqiza ubhontshisi wekhofi owedlula amathani ayi-100,000, okubalelwa ku-91.9% wokukhiqizwa kwekhofi emhlabeni jikelele. Phakathi kwabo, amazwe angu-7 eLatin America (iBrazil, Colombia, Peru, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico naseNicaragua) ahlanganisa u-47.14% wokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke; Amazwe ayi-5 e-Asia (iVietnam, i-Indonesia, i-India, i-Laos ne-China) enza ama-31.2% okukhiqizwa kwekhofi emhlabeni jikelele; Amazwe ama-4 e-Afrika (i-Ethiopia, i-Uganda, i-Central African Republic ne-Guinea) enza u-13.5% wokukhiqizwa kwekhofi emhlabeni jikelele.
2. Ukukhiqizwa kukabhontshisi wekhofi waseChina
Ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yokudla Nezolimo, ukukhiqizwa kukabhontshisi wekhofi waseChina ngo-2022 kuzoba amathani ayi-109,000, kanye nezinga lokukhula elihlanganisiwe leminyaka eyi-10 elingu-1.2%, okubalelwa ku-1% womkhiqizo ophelele womhlaba, okleliswe endaweni ye-15 emhlabeni. Ngokwezilinganiso ze-World Coffee Organization ICO, indawo yokutshala ikhofi yaseChina idlula amahektha angu-80,000, ngokukhishwa konyaka kwezikhwama ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-2.42. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza zigxile eSifundazweni saseYunnan, ezibalelwa ku-95% womkhiqizo ophelele waseChina wonyaka. Ama-5% asele avela e-Hainan, e-Fujian nase-Sichuan.
Ngokwemininingwane evela eMnyangweni WezoLimo Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezindawo Zasemakhaya e-Yunnan, ngonyaka ka-2022, indawo yokutshala ikhofi e-Yunnan izofinyelela kuma-mu ayizigidi eziyi-1.3, kanti ubhontshisi wekhofi ophumayo uzoba amathani ayi-110,000. Ngo-2021, inani lomkhiqizo walo lonke uchungechunge lwemboni yekhofi e-Yunnan lalingama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-31.67, ukukhuphuka konyaka ngonyaka ngo-1.7%, inani eliphumayo lezolimo lalingama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2.64, inani lokukhiqiza lalingama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-17.36, futhi inani elengeziwe lezitolo ezinkulu nezitolo lalingamabhiliyoni ayi-11.67.
3. Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe nokusetshenziswa kukabhontshisi wekhofi
Ngokwesibikezelo seNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (i-FAO), ivolumu yokuhwebelana emhlabeni wonke kabhontshisi wekhofi eluhlaza ngo-2022 izoba amathani ayizigidi ezingu-7.821, ukwehla konyaka ngonyaka ngo-0.36%; futhi ngokwesibikezelo seNhlangano Yekhofi Yomhlaba (i-WCO), inani lohwebo lokuthekelisa eliphelele likabhontshisi wekhofi oluhlaza ngo-2023 lizokwehla libe cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyisi-7.7.
Mayelana nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, iBrazil iyindawo ethumela ngaphandle ubhontshisi wekhofi oluhlaza kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokuya kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yokudla Nezolimo, ivolumu yokuthekelisa ngo-2022 yayingamathani ayizigidi ezi-2.132, okuhlanganisa u-27.3% wevolumu yokuhwebelana emhlabeni jikelele (okufana ngezansi); IVietnam ikleliswe endaweni yesibili ngenani elithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe elingamathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.314, okubalelwa ku-16.8%; I-Colombia ikleliswe endaweni yesithathu ngenani elithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe elingamathani angu-630,000, okubalelwa ku-8.1%. Ngo-2022, iChina yathumela amathani angama-45,000 kabhontshisi wekhofi oluhlaza, ikleliswe endaweni yama-22 phakathi kwamazwe nezifunda emhlabeni. Ngokwezibalo ze-Chinese Customs, i-China yathumela amathani angu-16,000 kabhontshisi wekhofi ngo-2023, ukwehla ngo-62.2% kusukela ku-2022; I-China ithumele amathani angama-23,000 kabhontshisi wekhofi kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuJuni 2024, okuwukunyuka ngo-133.3% ngesikhathi esifanayo ngo-2023.